1. INTRODUCTION:

Skin is the largest organ which covers the whole body. It is the outer most layers which we called as integumentary system. Skin is composed of three different layer epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Skin is composed main function of skin is to protect body against pathogen, excessive water loss, temperature regulation, synthesis of vitamin D. skin diseases cause due to imbalance in perspiration of skin cell with the environment. The sweat containing urea is excreted to skin which is responsible for body temperature.

Skin diseases are classified in to two classes which are following as:

a) Acute skin diseases: this can be cure in easily and can’t show patches or marks after treatment.

b) Chronic skin diseases: this can take long term treatment for cure.

Some of the common skin diseases are:

Table1. List of some common skin diseases

S. no.	Common skin diseases	Details
1.	Eczema	It is types of skin disease in which causes the skin become inflammated or infected.
2.	Psoriasis	These are a type of disorder produces thick plaques covered with silvery scales.
3.	Rosacea	It causes redness on nose, chin, cheeks, and forehead.
4.	Ichy skin or rashes	these cause irritation, allergy, infections which is followed by area of redness and inflammation
5.	Trauma	It is a type of injury to skin caused by cut, burn or inflammed body surface
6.	Acne	In this type of diseases inflammation of the skin, due to blockage of your skin’s pores.
7.	Sunburn	In this type of diseases outer layer of skin burn with direct contact of sun rays
8.	Cellulite	Cellulite is normal fat beneath the skin. The fat appears bumpy because it pushes against the connective tissue beneath the skin, causing the skin above it to pucker
9.	Blister	Blisters occur in all size. This bisters are some painful, red,or itchy and other aren’t . .

1.1 Current scenario of skin diseases

In the above (table.1) we had studied that some common skin diseases but as per current scenario we had studied that acne is the most common skin diseases around 80% of person affecting between 11 to 30 years old at some point. About 4.8 million patient per year affected with acne. It can persist for years resulting it causes disfigurement of face skin ,also it showed not clear, permanent scarring, emotional problem like depression related to their skin diseases. So our main focus to studied about acne skin disease and give some information to relief those patient how suffering from this type of diseases.

1.2 What is Acne ?

Acne is a skin disease which is commonly known as pimples. Pimple is type of acne. Acne can occur more in oily skin type because they can secrete more amount of sebum which is responsible to block the follicles leads to skin diseases. Acne occurs in mostly in teenagers [1]. Through literature survey we studied that males are more affect by acne as compare to females. It is types of chronic disorder of placebo unit.

According to W.H.O “Acne is an inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous units in the skin of the face, neck, chest and upper back”. Acne initially appears during when the onset of puberty at the time when triggers androgenic stimulation it produce excessive level of sebum and abnormal follicular keratin and it occurs due to presence of Gram-positive bacterium (Propionibacterium acnes) and causes local inflammation. P. acne produces inflammation because of through the production of extracellular products such as lipases, proteases, hyaluronidases and chemotactic factors.

1.2.1 Types of acne

Acne is an inflammantory skin disease on the basis of inflammation is classified in three ways which are following as:

Mild acne: Mild acne includes two type white heads and blackheads. Whiteheads means clogged pores are closed with skin surface. Blackheads means clogged pores are opened at the skin surface and it easily more noticeable and visible in skin.

Moderate acne: It is such severe inflammatory acne which also includes whiteheads and blackheads plus papules. Whiteheads plus papules in which some areas reddened that are elevated above the skin and in blackheads plus papules small bumps on the skin that contain fluid which are easily.

Nodulocystic acne: In this type of acne nodules are produced in deeply embedded solid, often painful lesions. It also causes some additional infections. Nodules size can be greater than 5mm in diameter.[1]

1.2.2Causes of acne

The exact causes of acne are unknown. There are some factors which play main role for risk the acne which are following as:

1) Age: Hormonal changes occur due to age experience, more acne develop in teenagers.

2) Gender: as compare to girls boys had more severe acne.

3) Disease: mainly complicate acne in girls due to hormonal disorders.

4) Heredity: It also occurs due to family history of acne have greater chances susceptibility to the disease.

5) Hormonal changes: acne can come out before menstruation, during pregnancy and menopause.

6) Diet: Some foods cause acne like fatty diet , irregular diet it also cause acne.

7) Drugs : Such drugs like tranquilizers, antidepressants, antibiotics, oral contraceptives and anabolic steroids can cause acne due to their side effect

8) Environment: It also occurs due to exposure of oils and greases, polluted air and sweating in summer it aggravate acne.

9) Stress: Emotional stress , depression also may be contribute for acne.

1.2.3 Treatment of acne by allopathic drugs

The main mechanism to treatment of acne is altering the pattern of follicular keratinisation, decreasing activity of sebaceous gland, also decreasing population of P.acneand producing anti-inflammatory effects.For treatment of mild acne some drug Benzoyl peroxide works to reduce oil made by the glands. Resorcinol, salicylic acid, and sulphur help breakdown whiteheads and blackheads. Such broad spectrum antibiotics such as erythromycin, clindamycin (Cleocin-T), and meclocycline (Meclan); also used to cure acne.Other treatments for acne available which is surgical or medical treatment such as: Comedone extraction, Chemical peels , Punch grafting, Intralesional injection and Collagen injection. Now a day’s researcher develop therapeutic modalities and various formulation and combination had been designed in topical agent (benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, antibiotics etc.)but their combination causes some side effect when tried on patients that increase the frequency and severity of dryness, scaling , erythema, burning , stinging and itching[3]. Minocycline had a severe risk of adverse of side effects as compare to other tetracycline. It may also induce hypersensitivity(it affecting liver, kidney or lungs ) , long term treatment of acne may cause autoimmune disorder. On other hand, some CNS symptoms occur such as dizziness is more frequent as compared to other tetracycline. Long term treatment may also cause hyper-pigmentation of the skin [4]. Treatment with chemotherapy generally lasts from several weeks to months but it may be extended for long period of time. When oral antibiotics used for long term it creates tremendous selective pressures for the higher resistant strains of P. acnes.

1.2.4. Phytoconstitents used in treatment of Acne:

S. NO	NAME OF PLANT	BIOLOGICAL SOURCE	FAMILY	CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT	USES	PART USED	REF.
1	Amarantha	Amaranthus Hypochondriacuslinn	Amaranthaceae	Saponin	Astringent, Eczema	Seed	10
2	Arnica	Arnica Mountanalinn	Asteraceace	Helenalin Dihydrohelenaline esters	Antioedema Antimicrobial Antiinflmatory	Flowers	10
3	Asparagus	Asparagus officinalislinn	Liliaceae	Aspergioloside (A to I) , asparagusic acid	Cleanging the face.	Root and rhizome	10
4	Brich	Betulaalbalinn	Betulaceae	Guaiacol, Salicylic acid, Terpenoid	Cosmetics and diuretics(w)	Barks and leaves	10
5	Burdock	Arctiumlappalinn	Asteraceae	Arctiopicrim(Sesquiterpenes), arctigenin lactose(liganan)	Antifungal Antimicrobial	Root, seed and leaves	9
6	Barberry (Alkaloids)	Berberis vulgaris	Barberine	Berberine, berbamine and palmatine.	Antiandrogenic, antiinflamatory, antbacterial	Root and bark	9
7	Basil	Ocimumbasilicum and sanctum	Laminaceae	Methyl cinnamaldehyde	Antiinflamatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal	Leaves	9
8	Calendula	Calendula Officinalislinn	Asteraceace	Terpenoids, flavanoids (Querecetin) saponin (Arvenoside A) Triterpinoids	Antioxidant, anti-inflamatory, antibacterial and antiviral activities	Flowers	9
9	Celandine	Chelidoniummajuslinn	Papaveraceae	Isoquinoline Alkaloids of Proberberine, Benzophenatherene and Protopine type	Analgesic, antisplasmodicandantiinflamatory	Parts of plant above ground and roots	10
10	Chaste tree(Vitex)	Vitexangnus Castuslinn	Verbenaceae	Viticinditerpene, rotufuranviterxilactone Flavonoid Casticin	Menstrual irregularities, skin reaction	Fruit	10
11	Cinnamon	Cinnamomumzeylanicum	Lauraceae	Cinnamaldehyde	Antibacterial	Bark	10
12	Coriander	Coriandrum Sativumlinn	Apiaceae	Linalool, P-cymene, Geraniol, hydroxycoumarins	Antifungal Antibacterial	Leaves	10
13	Guggul	Commiphoramukul	Burseraceae	Guggulsterone	anti-inflammatory and antibacterial	Gum	9
14	Ginger	Zingiber officinale	Zingeberaceace	6-Gingerol	Antimicrobial, antiseptic, antifungal, antiinflamatory	Rhizomes	9
15	Garlic	Allium sativum	Amaryllidedaceae	Selenium, arginin	Antifungal and antibacterial	Bulb	9 and 10
16	Jojoba oil	Simmondsiachinensis	Buxaceae	Monoester of C-20 and C-22	Antibacterial, antioxidant	Leaves	10
17	Labraor tea	LedumGroenlandicumoedess	Ericaceae	Tannic acid, arbutin, ledol, Plaustrol	Astingent Skin alinment	Leaves	10
18	Lavender	L.angustifolia mill	Lamiaceae	Linaloyl acetate, Caryophyllene oxide, cineole, linalool	Anti-inflammatory Antibacterial	Flower	9
19	Lemon	Citrus limonlinn	Rutaceace	Gentisic acid, Hesperidin, eriocitin.	cleaning agent	Lemon juice	10
20	Licorice	Glycyrrhizaglabra	Fabaceae	glycyrrhetinic acid	Anti inflammatory, antibacterialand soothing properties	Root	9
21	Mint	Calaminthagraveolens	Lamiaceae	Menthone, mentylcetatementhone	Antibacterial and soothing, sedative effects	Leaves	9
22	Neem	Azardiractaindica	Meliaceae	Triterpinoids and tetranortriterpene	Antibacterial, antifungal	Leaves	10
23	Orange peel	Citrus aurantiumlinn	Rutaceae	Linolyl acetate Geraniol, limonene	Antioxidant	Peel	10
24	Pine	Pinus	Pinaceae	Itmonline	Antiagenging	Bark	10
25	Rhubarb	Rheum officinaleBaill	Polygonaceace	Anthraquinone ( rhein, emodin, chrsophanol)	Relif itching and pain in Psoriasis	Rhizome	10
26	Rose	Rosa speciesb	Rosaceae	SeugeninPentogalloyl, PyrogallolMonoterpenoids,	Antibacterial anti-inflammatory	Flowers	10
27	Soap wort	Saponariaofficinalislinn	Caryophyllaceae	Saponin D	Surface active agent ss(Cleansing)	Flowers	10
28	Tea tree oil	Melaleucaalternifolia	Myrtaceae	Terpin-4-ol	Antibacterial	Leaves	9 and 10
29	Thyme	Thymus linn	Luminaceae	Carvacrol, P-cymene, Thymol acetate	Antibacterial	Leaves	10
30	Turmeric	Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Turmerol, curcumins	Antioxidant, wound healing, antiinflammatory	Rhizome	9 and 10

1.2.5 Following are the drugs having anti-acne activity:

1.2.6 Novel drug delivery system:

The main reason behind the formulation of NDDS is to make sustain and control release of drug for better therapeutic effect. The novel drug delivery is better than synthetic NDDs because their toxicity is less. Now days the NDDS formulation shows tremendous growth in field of skin diseases. Disadvantage of herbal NDDS it is costly as compare to other delivery system. Only reason for use of NDDS that it goes exactly at the site of action and gives the better result. Advantage is that it releases the toxic effect, decreasing the dose frequency.

Resent development in NDDS delivery of Herbals is:

1) Liposomes

Liposomes are novel drug delivery system, which are micros opical vesicles size (0.05- 5.0µm) in a diameter which is consisting of a diameter , which is consisting of an aqueous core enclosed in one or more nature synthetic phopholipid(4). The liposomes are mostly spherical shaped particles that encapsulate the solvents which are free floating in the interior parts of delivery system. Mostly liposomes are used to deliver such type of various type of vaccine, drugs, enzymes or other substances to target organs or cell.

Advantages:

i. The drug delivery of drug in both hydrophilic as well in hydrophobic.

ii. There is a possible for making both sustain and controlled release formulation.

iii. It increases efficiency, stability and therapeutics index.

iv. It improved the pharmacokinetic effect by reduce elimination increase circulation

v. They are highly biocompatible in delivery of drug.

2) Niosomes

Nanotechnologyis a science which deals with the particles of nanorange (1-10⁹nm). The niosomes are made up of non ionic surfactant with the unilaminar vesicles ad multilayer vesicles. The main difference between liposomes and niosomesor we say the main advantage is the chemical differences in to monomer unit.

Advantages:

i. They are cheaper as compare to liposomes

ii. They are non ionic in nature and there less toxicity.

iii. The functional group attached on the surface their hydrophilic head.

iv. They are biodegradable and non immunogenic in nature.

v. They are chemically stable and have long storage time capacity as compare to liposomes.

3) Phytosomes :

They are complex molecular structure made up of lipid. Phyto means plant and some means cell like structure. The phytoconstituents of herbs are enclosed in a vesicular drug delivery in which the lipid is bonded to it. Some of the flavanoids, gylcosides and terpenoids are water soluble which show less absorption.

Advantages:

i. It enhances the bioavailability

ii. They bonds formed between phosphatidyl choline molecule and pytoconstituent shows better stability and have high entrapment efficiency.

iii. It enhanced permeation of drug through skin, so used in trandermal drug delivery.

iv. They are used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparation because they are safe.

v. They are so effective that a small quantity will achieve the desired effect.

4) Ethosomes

They are made up of lipid vesicles containing both lipid and alcohol, mainly ethanol and isopropyl alcohol are commonly used. Ethosomes contain high concentration of ethanol, due to which they are more stable, and used also as topical drug delivery. Ethosomes reaches to deeper skin layer due to its high concentration and permeability.

Advantage

i. Enhanced permeation of drug through skin leads to topical application.

ii. They are safe so used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations.

iii. Ethosome are used in wide range of drug delivery.

iv. They are semisolids like gel and cream which covers wide range of drugs.

v. They have so many applications such as cosmetics, transdermal delivery of hormones, as a drug carrier etc.

5) Transferosomes

The term transferosomes was coined by Gregorcevk in 1991. It made up of two word “transfere” and “soma”, transfere is a Latin word which means caring across and soma is a Greek word means body. They act as potential carrier for transdermal drug delivery. To overcome the difficulty related to penetration in skin tansferosomes are made.

Advantage

i. They are highly lipophilic drug nearly 90%, which shows high entrapment efficiency.

ii. Transferosomes are used in systemic and topical delivery of drugs.

iii. They are made up of natural phospholipids which are biocompatible and biodegradable.

iv. Transferosomes are used in delivery of corticosteroids through skin.

v. High trapping efficiency due to hydration from organic solvents.

CONCLUSION:

The main aim of selecting the herbal drugs safe and effective. Due to their quality the herbal drug is accepted all over the world. Novel drug delivery system of herbal medicine is to make drug sustain and controlled release formulation which high effectiveness and enhance bioavailability. Hence we all suggested promoting the use of herbal drugs.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

The authors are thankful to the Principal and Management of Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy for providing necessary facility for this work. The authors are also thankful to CGCOST/ MRP/1106/2015 for providing financial assistance related to this work.

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ABSTRACT: